Reference soil Sri Lanka 02: Chromic Luvisol

LK002

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil LK002: Chromic Luvisols

CLASSIFICATION: USDA Ultic or Udic subgroup; Rhodustalf: The colour criteria are not fulfilled. Parent material: Khondalite series of rocks or Highland series; metamorphic, intermediate and acid gneisses of precambrian age; quartz, mica, feldspar. Fluctuation of groundwater table: >2m to >15m. Crops: mixed crops (grain and pulses). Land use and vegetation: If not cleared, dry mixed evergreen, semi-deciduous (5% trees, 50 % shrubs, 45% grasses); but site cleanweeded for cultivation, shallow tilling. Human influence: Charcoal is present in upper few centimeters (burning). Surface drainage: Moderately good surface drainage, coarse, dendritic. Additional notes on profile description: Bt1: Manganese(hydr)oxide cutans 2Bt2: Compacted gravel layer, 2-9 mm in diameter. 2BC: Few medium fresh quartz. 2C: Parent gneiss. Note: 2Bt2 (30/56): On the place where the micromorphological data were taken, the 2Bt2 starts at 40 cm and the 2BC at 80 cm.

Classification

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974Chromic Luvisol

- cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Reddish Brown Earths

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	3	4.6	8.9	25	14.9	56.4	7	5.7	12.7	30.8
12-30	-	2.5	4.4	8	21.4	12.9	49.2	6.9	6.4	13.3	37.5
30-56	-	5	4.5	7.1	18.2	11.2	46	7.9	5.7	13.6	40.5
56-95	-	19.6	6.3	4.7	9.3	5.1	45	7	8.7	15.7	39.1
95-137	-	15.3	6.8	6.4	14.7	8	51.2	6.4	11.3	17.7	31
137-	-	9.2	10	14.5	29.2	14.2	77.1	7.7	7.7	15.4	7.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-12	1.48	-	-	-	30.8
12-30	-	-	-	-	37.5
30-56	-	-	-	-	40.5
56-95	-	-	-	-	39.1
95-137	-	-	-	0	31
137-	-	-	-	-	7.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-12	1.48	43.7	42.3	35.4	27.4	23.6	21.8	17.2	16.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-12	6.6	5.0	0.08	-	0.91	0.11	8	-	-	9.3	3.7	0.1	0.4	13.5
12-30	6.7	5.0	0.07	-	0.83	0.09	9	-	-	12.0	3.5	0.1	0.1	15.7
30-56	7.0	5.2	0.11	-	0.64	0.07	9	-	-	13.6	3.2	0.1	0.1	17
56-95	7.0	5.0	0.13	-	0.35	0.05	7	-	-	8.7	2.3	0.1	0.1	11.2
95-137	7.2	4.8	0.09	-	0.32	0.05	6	-	-	15.3	2.7	0.1	0.1	18.2
137-	7.5	4.4	0.08	-	0.06	0.01	6	-	-	15.2	1.9	0.1	0.0	17.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-12	75	18.1	59	3.2	-	-	-
12-30	78	20	53	2.9	-	-	-
30-56	78	21.9	54	2.2	-	-	-
56-95	65	17.3	44	1.2	-	-	-
95-137	87	20.9	67	1.1	-	-	-
137-	-	0	-	0.2	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	0.13	0.05	2.44	0.18	0.36	0.9	-	0.3
12-30	-	-	-	0.13	0.05	2.82	0.2	0.5	1.38	-	0.35
30-56	-	-	-	0.12	0.06	2.98	0.22	0.67	1.85	-	0.3
56-95	-	-	-	0.11	0.05	2.72	0.2	0.4	1.66	-	0.15
95-137	-	-	-	0.08	0.04	2.71	0.19	0.31	1.12	-	0.14
137-	-	-	-	0.06	0.02	1.48	0.09	0.07	0.18	-	0.09

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-12	17.5	2.9	9.4	0.73	0.81	-	57.6	4.04
12-30	18.7	2.7	9.6	0.63	0.8	-	55.4	3.26
30-56	18.8	2.5	10	0.61	0.74	-	56.5	3.13
56-95	19.0	1.16	10.5	0.35	0.51	-	56.6	2.16
95-137	18.3	2.4	10	0.47	0.82	-	57.7	1.85
137-	18.9	6.53	11.1	0.62	2.93	-	51.9	1.38

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-12	2.9	5.8	0.21	0.06	5.6	16.3	4.2
12-30	3.1	6.7	0.21	0.03	5	15.4	3.8
30-56	2.9	6.5	0.22	0.05	5.1	15.0	3.8
56-95	2.8	7.8	0.19	0.04	5.1	14.4	3.7
95-137	2.9	6.3	0.18	0.03	5.4	15.4	4.0
137-	2.7	2.7	0.21	0.47	4.7	12.4	3.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-12	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	weak	-	weak to medium	-
12-30	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	-	weak	-	weak to medium	-
30-56	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	-	weak	-	weak to medium	-
56-95	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	-	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-
95-137	-	-	-	weak	-	-	strong	-	weak to medium	-	weak	-
137-	-	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	-	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-

Profile description

Ap 0-12 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many fine continuous interstitial pores and many continuous exped and inped tubular random pores,no inclusions,no fragments,frequent coprogenic elements,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah 12-30 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, dry) dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist)sandy clay loam,strong coarse subangular blocky,very hard friable sticky plastic,broken thin humus cutans,many fine continuous tubular pores and few many coarse exped and inped pores,no inclusions,few medium gravel fresh mica few medium gravel weathered feldspar fragments,frequent coprogenic elements,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt1 30-56 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, dry) dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist)clay loam,strong coarse subangular blocky,very hard friable sticky plastic,broken moderately thick clay cutans,many fine continuous pores and few continuous exped and inped interstitial pores,no inclusions,few medium gravel fresh mica few medium gravel weathered feldspar fragments,frequent coprogenic elements,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bt2 56-95 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, dry) reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4, moist)clay loam,massive,continuous moderately thick clay cutans,no pores,frequent medium spherical hard manganiferous concretions,very frequent large boulders fresh quartz few medium gravel weathered feldspar fragments,non-cemented petroferric pans,gradual smooth boundary to,
2BC 95-137 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, dry) dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist)sandy clay loam,weak coarse subangular blocky,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,no cutans,many fine continuous tubular pores,no inclusions,few medium gravel fresh mica few medium gravel weathered feldspar fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
2C 137- cm	no cutansno pores,no inclusions,very few medium gravel fresh quartz fragments,

Depth1	137cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	solid rock
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy clay
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	present
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	wind

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land clearing
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	See remarks
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	shifting
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	semi-deciduous woodland

Altitude	124m
Physiographic Unit	upland, nearer crest, smooth
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	hill
Slope	1%
Slope Aspect	east
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	12-137cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	999cm
Depth to groundwater table	0cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	200cm
Moist From - To	0-12cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface slaked; sorted sand/silt, some clay films
Microrelief Height: variation in height	100
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Sri Lanka 02: Chromic Luvisol

Reference soil LK002: Chromic Luvisols

Classification